Australia has the highest percentage of globally ranked universities in the world. Why? What are the implications?
There is a well-known “magic formula” that goes along the following lines:
Revenues from international education contribute to building scale in research through income to recruit eminent staff to undertake high-quality research and purchase necessary buildings and facilities to deliver additional research outcomes, which will lift status in global rankings, attract more international students, and so on.
Of course, research-intensive universities seek high rankings for strategic objectives concerning visibility and recognition to drive international research and industry investment and collaborations.
For most universities, however, the point of rankings is to drive international student recruitment to generate revenue streams that underwrite domestic employee benefits for teaching and research, investment in property, plant and equipment, and purchase of financial assets.
Australia has the highest proportion of Times Higher Education (THE) ranked universities in the world. Table 1 shows that 84% of Australian universities are ranked, compared to 78% in the UK, 13% in Germany, 4% in the US, and 3% in China.
Table 1: Global rankings for Australian universities in comparison to other countries
| Australia | UK | US | Canada | Germany | Japan | China | Sth Korea | France | |
| THE Ranking | |||||||||
| No in top 10 | – | 2 | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| No 11-100 | 6 | 9 | 29 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| No 101-250 | 11 | 23 | 35 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 |
| No 251-500 | 11 | 26 | 49 | 8 | 15 | 7 | 15 | 3 | 10 |
| No 501+ | 9 | 41 | 63 | 12 | 7 | 106 | 69 | 27 | 24 |
| Number ranked | 37 | 101 | 184 | 30 | 48 | 116 | 91 | 34 | 41 |
| No. of universities | 44 | 130 | 4,298 | 103 | 380 | 795 | 2,688 | 203 | n/a |
| Percent ranked | 84% | 78% | 4% | 29% | 13% | 15% | 3% | 17% | |
| Per cent in top 10 | 0% | 2% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| Per cent 11-100 | 16% | 9% | 16% | 17% | 15% | 2% | 7% | 6% | 7% |
| Per cent 101-250 | 30% | 23% | 19% | 17% | 35% | 1% | 1% | 15% | 7% |
| Per cent 251-500 | 30% | 26% | 27% | 27% | 31% | 6% | 16% | 9% | 24% |
| Per cent 501+ | 24% | 41% | 34% | 40% | 15% | 91% | 76% | 79% | 59% |
Australia has 17 universities within the 1-250 band, compared to 35 for the UK, 72 in the US, 10 in Canada, 24 in Germany, three in Japan, seven in China, seven in South Korea, and six in France. There are no Australian universities in the top 10; they come from the US and the UK,
But it can be asked, what’s the point of rankings anyway, when Germany doesn’t care about them and focuses instead on publicly funded higher education to produce good graduates and relevant industry research? This approach plays into the rationale for greater public funding for higher education.
There are many ranking systems, with some placing more emphasis on a particular metric than others. However, the results in terms of placement in a particular ranking range do not differ markedly. The Times Higher Education (THE) system was selected for detailed analysis in this paper.
Under the THE ranking system, teaching, citations, and research metrics each contribute 30 per cent to the total ranking score, industry income contributes 2.5%, and international outlook contributes 7.5% (international students, 2.5%, proportion of international staff, 2.5%, and international collaboration, 2.5%).
The reality is that Australia’s high place in THE global university rankings is essentially driven by the citation metric, offsetting low scores in the teaching and research metrics. Because of Australia’s very high international student intake, it also scores well in international outlook metric. In other words, many Australian universities are chasing rankings through citations rather than research or teaching.
Why do citations matter?
Citations are an easy target. They can be driven by recruiting staff with solid track records for publishing in highly ranked international journals and incentivising staff to deliver publication output. The mantra publish or perish is alive and well.
Does size matter?
Australia has the sixth-highest average of FTEs in the 37 top-ranking universities in each country listed in Table 1 (after the US, Canada, Germany, China, and France). Six Australian universities have FTEs over 40,000, compared to none in the UK, nine in the US, four in Canada, five in Germany, eight in China, 11 in France and none in Japan and South Korea. However, overseas comparisons suggest that smaller universities can deliver high rankings through better research and teaching metrics.
Australia has 36 universities where the student to staff ratio exceeds 20:1, compared to none in the UK, one in the US, 33 in Germany, 17 in Canada, none in China, six in South Korea, and eight in France. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that Australia ranks lowest in the teaching metric by some considerable margin.
Table 2 reports on the 37 Australian ranked universities’ performance metrics with a score over 70 compared to the top 37 ranked universities in other countries. A score of above 70 is considered an acceptable benchmark for the purpose of this exercise.
Table 2: THE Scores above 70 in universities ranked 37 and above in selected countries
| Metric | Australia | UK | US | Canada | Germany | Japan | China | South Korea | France |
| Teaching (30%) | – | 6 | 17 | 1 | – | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Citations (30%) | 27 | 36 | 36 | 13 | 24 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 7 |
| Research (30%) | 1 | 7 | 24 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| International outlook (7.5%) | 35 | 37 | 12 | 17 | 4 | – | – | – | 9 |
| Industry income (knowledge transfer) 2.5% | 3 | 3 | – | 7 | 2 | 15 | 6 | 24 | 13 |
Table 2 reveals –
- No Australian universities have a score over 70 in the teaching metric.
- 27 Australian universities score above 70 on the citations metric. Only the UK and the US have more universities than Australia with a score above 70.
- Australia has only one university scoring above 70 in the research metric, compared to seven in the UK and 24 in the US
- Australia and the UK do well on international outlook, principally due to the proportion of overseas students in each country.
- Australian universities do not generally perform well in the industry income metric.
In multiple ways, the boom in international education and the obsession with rankings has fundamentally distorted the Australian system. We have a situation in Australia of poor student to staff ratios, high proportions of overseas students, very high citation rates, but poor teaching and research scores.
So, what is the point? To be sure, citation numbers are up, with academics encouraged to prepare papers for publication in scholarly journals. But performance in research and teaching is mixed, with some universities doing teaching really well. However, good teaching is not recognised for gaining tenure and promotion as much as publication.
However, for many universities, the citation scores will never be good enough to overcome the weaknesses in other metrics to progress up the rankings scale. So why should they bother being ranked?
The conclusion might be drawn that more Australian universities should forget rankings and chasing citations and allocate more time and effort to teaching and high-quality research for application and practice that will inform teaching and engagement missions. A focus on rankings and recruiting international students distorts these priorities.
The obsession with rankings overlooks its futility and irrelevance to teaching quality, graduate outcomes, industry innovation, economic prosperity, and broader socio-cultural outcomes. But Australians have little choice but to go to a ranked university – a university committed to maintaining or going up the scale in international rankings systems by focusing on generating citations.
If Australia wants to become a clever country and a leader in creating jobs for the 21st century, our universities must prioritise creating talent. The importance of first-rate teaching, as one of the most effective forms of knowledge transfer, is often overlooked.
We must dispense with the notion that academic publication is a more worthy calling than teaching in our higher education system.
Dr John Howard is an experienced policy analyst focused on science, technology, innovation (STI) policy and practice, industrial policy, management strategy, university-industry engagement, and regional innovation ecosystems. Dr Howard is Executive Director, Acton Institute for Policy Research and Innovation and Visiting Professor, UTS Institute for Public Policy and Governance.
Comments
5 responses to “Why do Australian universities have an obsession with rankings?”
Because Diploma Mills are big business and migration to Australia is not a sufficent incentive?
A heavy responsibility for this deterioration lies with the author’s namesake, who started the move to a starvation tertiary education budget and forced the race to the bottom of the pursuit of foreign students regardless of appropriate preparation of the latter. Nothing to see here re this unnamed politician’s seeming love affair with one R G Menzies, who had a different view of tertiary education (admittedly, the scale of such was expanded dramatically under the unthinking Dawkins revolution).
Add the fact that the aforesaid unnamed politician was anti-intellectual. He, after all, attended law school at Phillip Street and saw nothing of what gives character to university life. J W Howard’s anti-intellectualism is now embedded in the entirety of the Liberal Party ranks, of which he is indubitably the patron saint. Can you imagine people like Peter Baume surviving in this current cesspit of belligerence and wilful ignorance of how to run a country in the public interest?
I don’t know any serious–measured in terms of publications and teaching–academic who takes rankings seriously. In my thirty-six years in higher education in Australia I found that it was individuals within departments and individual departments themselves that attract serious international reputations, not necessarily the institution as a whole. Moreover, it is the immediate colleagues in our own research area who assess our reputation and they take little notice of the institution as a whole.
Now that Australian universities have been corporatised (over the past thirty years) the standards seem to be diminishing everywhere, though there are still good departments and individuals who do their best in spite of the constant destabilising by the university’s senior managers.
The best university where I have spent time–one semester–was the University of Tübingen in Germany, which has had an outstanding reputation in many areas for centuries. The rector of the university was earning about 50% more in salary than a senior professor, not like our vice-chancellors, many of whom five times more than a senior professor. The staff at Tübingen were very widely published, had a strong graduate school and excellent undergraduate students. I have no idea where it stands in the rankings.
The Uni’s have done as they were told by the neo-cons – corporatise or else!
I think you hit the nail on the head. It’s individual departments and the people in them that count.
Citation index is easy to manipulate. A friend of mine in his early career used to write papers that drew as much flak as possible. He hit the top early and has been there ever since.