Australia is spoiled for choice among the array of energies we have to power our future, for centuries to come. Concentrated sunlight, huge reserves of coal, gas, hot rocks, wind, wave and tidal energy, not to mention uranium, thorium, biomass, hydro and other possibilities – thousands of years’ worth of energy in sundry forms.
Confronted by such opportunity do we have the world’s best energy system? No. Just the world’s most spectacular energy cock-up by an advanced country.
The problem lies primarily with the corruption of Australian politics by large resources companies, domestic and foreign over decades, each peddling their own particular energy source and seeking rents by purchasing political parties. How else can one possibly explain the stubborn support of Liberal/National and Labor for a coal mine opposed by a majority of Australians?
For time immemorial the energy game has been played in Australian politics by ‘picking winners’, a sport which politicians publicly deride, but privately pursue with almost drunken fervour. Every politician has their favourite energy source and their most hated – just ask them. The result is policy paralysis, as the conflicting and compromised energy outcomes are driven by politics and ideology rather than by rationality, technical feasibility or the market.
What Australia most needs, at this juncture in our history, is not another shoddy government plan, biased towards its transient political goals. It’s a level playing field. A place where all the energies can compete, fairly, for a share of the world’s hungriest energy market – the Asia-Pacific. In other words, a way to get sticky political fingers out of the energy pie.
That level playing field could be created by building an Australian Energy Superhighway.
The superhighway concept calls for a gigawatt DC transmission line starting in southeastern Australia, extending across the deserts to the northwest, then heading north to connect with existing lines in Indonesia and Malaysia, and ultimately, into southern China.
On the way, spur lines harvest energy from a multitude of sources – clean coal and gas from the eastern states, wind and wave from the Bight, photovoltaics, solar thermal and hot rocks from central Australia, hydro from the Snowies and Tasmania, gas, tide, wind and solar from the northwest. A vast national tsunami of Aussie electrons, heading at lightspeed for Asia – and not a single ship in sight.
High voltage direct current (HVDC) power cables are hardly untested new technology. They were invented in 1882 and developed in the 1930s. In their modern form they are cheaper than the familiar AC cables, suffer far smaller losses over longer distances, and can run both underground and undersea. There are more than 220 HVDC lines being operated or built worldwide. The longest, so far, is the 2385-kms Rio Madeira line in Brazil, but China has several around 2000 kms and a 3000km line planned. Ireland recently announced plans for a 700 km line connecting it to France, to shunt energy to and fro.
Costs vary according to circumstances, but to build an HVDC line across Australia from, say, Albury to Port Hedland would, at current prices, cost about US$250,000 a kilometre – or about $1 billion in total for the cable, plus a number of converter stations at $100m apiece, plus spur lines from Queensland, Victoria, SA and so on. By any reckoning, an energy superhighway would be a piece of nation-building infrastructure that would come at a fraction of the cost of the National Broadband Network.
An advantage of HVDC lines, and why so many countries are now using them, is ‘load balancing’. By collecting energy from a multitude of sources the prehistoric argument over ‘base load’ and intermittency simply goes away. Energy can be shunted from where it is cheapest to where it is most needed at a continental scale, which is why Ireland and France have decided to build an interconnector between their grids.
The second great advantage is that it enables Australia to export pure energy direct to our Asian neighbours, including potentially, China by interconnecting with their HVDC lines. At the moment vast amounts of energy are wasted exporting tonnes of coal, much of which is also wasted as gas or ash when it is burned, by ship. The opportunity is for Australia to replace a C19th energy system with a C21st – and take a leading role in the global energy revolution. In this way, every home with a solar roof can earn export income.
An Energy Superhighway will not only power Australia and our neighbours. It will replace the current system where our energy choices are determined by who can afford to corrupt the most politicians. It will be up to each energy source to find its own path to clean, lowest-cost production.
The lousy policy outcomes of the past three decades are the result of a system where it is in politicians’ vested interests not to solve the national energy crisis, but to perpetuate it. It is the proper role of Government to facilitate growth and competition – and create the infrastructure which does that. Not to pick favourites.
An Australian Energy Superhighway would change our entire national, industrial, economic and regional outlook, building a far brighter future for this country and its neighbours.
Julian Cribb is a science writer and author of “Surviving the 21st Century” (Springer 2017)
Julian Cribb AM is an Australian science writer and author of six books on the human existential emergency. His latest book is “How to Fix a Broken Planet” (Cambridge University Press, 2023)
Comments
2 responses to “JULIAN CRIBB. Highway to an endless energy future.”
Hi Julian,
its an obvious idea to connect the world’s deserts with the large metropolises where the population lives and the energy is used. The dream has been had several times, but the issue has been the huge costs of these lines, such that we used to have a few small ones that are either white elephants (the Tasmania line) or peculiar to strange political environments (eg. the links between France, which has nuclear power stations that produce too much at night, and its neighbours). Good to hear about progress to the underlying cost issues that were holding this back. Solar generation costs have come down spectacularly such that that is no longer the main bottleneck. Storing and transmitting solar power is now the big block. Quiggin seems optimistic about the storing bottleneck, but I am not yet convinced on that one.
My understanding used to be that the best technology known in the mid 00s had a loss of around 7% of energy per 1,000 km of transport. That was just too high to make it viable to have large national grids in Australia or between distant countries. Perth to Sydney would cost about half the energy in line losses alone. Uluru to Shanghai via a reasonable route would be around 8,000 km which would also cost half the energy.
My updated understanding from a Siemen’s fact-sheet based on its HVDC projects in China, is that one might get as low as 3% loss per 1,000 km. That would mean you lose only 25% from Uluru to Shanghai.
The second big cost is just installing these lines. Progress in that seems somewhat slower, such that the last time I checked it would exhaust the World’s GDP several times to build a network connecting the deserts and the major metropolises in a single system: the world would need cables carrying many Terrawats spanning a network of a few 100,000 kms (yes, longer than the earth itself), which is a huge undertaking. But if that cost too goes down, we might indeed be looking at a long-term winner. Exciting times.
What is your understanding about these costs?
https://www.siemens.com/press/pool/de/events/2012/energy/2012-07-wismar/factsheet-hvdc-e.pdf
A wonderful scenario, except there is no such thing as “clean coal”, all the gas ever available from eastern Australia has been sold to Asia already, Tasmania rain out of hydro last drought and Snowy hydro only works by using coal-fired electricity to pump climate change depleted snow melt repeatedly back up the mountain every night. And no matter how much more efficient DC transmission might be, the best technologies emerging promise generation, storage and consumption on site. No transmission needed. And haven’t we just witnessed how efficiently the global energy industry will harvest all the benefit of such proposals? Maybe better to invest in developing the on-site technologies, and export them.